DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake Essay Example

DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake Paper DH Lawrence (1885-1930) is one of the outstanding British authors of the early 20th century. It was obvious from an early age that Lawrence was a gifted child. Raised in a working class environment, he was the son of a Nottinghamshire miner. His mother, however, was from a middle class background. Due to the social contrast their marriage was not successful and Lawrence would often have to witness his father coming home drunk and beating his mother. Despite his background, Lawrence received a first class education by earning scholarships through high school and university. He attended Nottingham University, qualified as a teacher in 1908 and worked at a school in Croydon until 1912. He rejected society and society rejected him and his somewhat radical views. In the same year he eloped with Freiedra Weekley, the German wife of a professor at Nottingham University College, to travel the world. During his extensive travels Lawrence was able to refine his views and develop a better understanding of the world around him. Many of his poems were autobiographical, much like the poem Mountain Lion. While staying in Mexico, in the Lobo Valley, he wrote Mountain Lion which was based on his experience with the native Mexicans. The poem starts with a vivid description of the situation and scenery. This is very characteristic of Lawrences poems. He produces powerful but brief verses which set the scene for the reader. He does this by using a selection of main points such as colours and distinctive features in the landscape. After the scene is set there is immediate drama with the sudden entrance of two men. We will write a custom essay sample on DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Men! Two men! Men! The only animal in the world to fear! From the quote above one can see a powerful technique that is common to many of Lawrences poems. He uses repetition for effect in conjunction with very short staccato phrases. There is tension, a feeling of panic and an uncertainty of who the men are, as they seem of a dangerous nature. It is also in this quotation that Lawrence reveals one of his key beliefs; his fear of man, a source of fear for the whole of creation. The drama in the poem has begun but Lawrence has still not declared the subject. One is left wondering from whose point of view the poem is. Linked with the title there is the distinct possibility that it could be from the mountain lions point of view, which would also link with the fear of man. There is then a moment of hesitation, a sense of drama, tension and uncertainty. Short sentences are used again with repetition for impact, heightening the sense of drama. They hesitate. We hesitate. They have a gun. We have no gun. The fear towards man is reinforced by the fact that they have guns. The situation could be dangerous, but theres an uncertainty about what to do. The use of bold statements is used to make the reality of the situation more apparent. They are unarmed, unlike the people approaching. There is then a moment of confrontation as they all advance to meet. The tension appears to subside as the strangers approach. A vague description of the approaching party is given, creating the impression that they are strangers trespassing on the inwardness of the Lobo Valley. The only true information given is that they are Mexicans, adding to the whole foreign feeling. Descriptive words such as emerge are used to make their approach out of the dark signify a sense of evil and wrong. There is then repeated questioning of why they are there, what they are doing and what they have. These questions show an uncertainty and suspicious nature towards the Mexicans. Lawrence then proceeds to ask the Mexicans in Spanish what they are holding. By speaking in Spanish he emphasizes the strangeness of the whole affair the use of the foreign language shows differences. The Mexican is carrying a lion and upon telling this to Lawrence smiles, foolishly indicating guilt. They are embarrassed that they have been caught doing wrong. Lawrence smiles back. There is tension. Neither party is sure what to do. Lawrence then studies the Mexicans faces. He is quite gentle and dark-faced. Although being a killer, the Mexican is just like everyone else. Lawrence then studies the lion, once again using a brief but vivid account shown in the following quotation: It is a mountain lion, A long, long, slim cat, yellow like a lioness. Dead. There is a feeling of shock and surprise that it is a mountain lion. The length of the sentence describing the mountain lion adds to the affect of how long the lion is, using repetition on the word long. Emphasis is then put on the single word dead. There is a strong feeling of sorrow towards the mountain lion. A great wrong has been done, an immoral injustice towards the mountain lion. The Mexicans are still embarrassed and smiling foolishly. The mountain lion is described in depth, a thing of beauty. There is a sense of brilliance about the mountain lion even though it is dead. A selection of strong descriptive words depict the lions finest features such as bright, frost, fine-fashioned, brilliant, beautiful. Many of the words are repeated throughout the description to get the point across. Lawrence genuinely finds the lion beautiful. There is a mixture of fierceness and splendour. The Mexicans seem friendly but are truly destructive like the rest of the human race. It was a heartless killing for no reason. There is a great deal of thoughtfulness in what Lawrence writes, and a sense of sadness that he is also human and therefore destructive too. As the Mexicans leave, Lawrence continues into the gloom of the Lobo Valley. By using that one word there is a feeling that the landscape has been spoilt by the Mexicans. The damage has been done. Lawrence discovers her lair and there is a sense of emptiness. Something is missing the lion. Once again, using a vivid description, he describes the situation of the lair. By using a number of clean-cut words and phrases, Lawrence conveys a real feel of the place. The blood-orange, brilliant rocks. There is a sense of mourning as Lawrence thinks about the times when the lion would have been alive. The use of alliteration and a long sentence, once again linking to the lions length, adds to the effect. He describes the lion as if it was the king of its environment, something to be admired. The whole feel of emptiness increases as he says: Her bright striped frost-face will never look out any more, He feels that this has been a great loss to the world. It is a shock to him, like a dream. He is sorry that the lion is gone, and that she will never be able to look out over the valley again. He regrets that he is the one looking out. He uses vivid description once again to describe the mountains, conveying a strong sense of foreign place and emptiness. The landscape may look perfect, but it is deprived of the lion. He uses all these descriptions to reveal what a true loss the lion is, and how the landscape will never be the same again. He looks across to the opposite steep and studies the scene, comparing it to a Christmas toy, a feeling of it being unspoilt on the other side. The death of the lion will make no difference to the rest of the world, life will go on as before. He believes that this was a needless death and a heartless killing. He conveys how needless the death was by saying And I think in this empty world there was room for me and a mountain lion. With a spur of the moment reaction he makes a bold statement, which many people find shocking and heartless on his part: And I think in the world beyond, how easily we might spare a million or two humans And never miss them. He does not truly mean this, he is merely trying to get his point across by putting the incident into perspective. One finds it shocking to hear him compare the death of a mountain lion to two million people, but proportionately the mountain lion is a much bigger loss. The last sentence is a final thought, which makes one realise the gap in the world from the death of a mountain lion. While on his travels, Lawrence also went to the island of Sicily where he wrote another similar themed poem Snake. This starts with drama as a snake drinks from Lawrences water-trough. The most apparent aspect of the first verse is the over-whelming heat for which Lawrence uses repetition to get the feeling across. This is emphasised by the fact that he is wearing pyjamas because of the heat. Although there is a snake at his drinking trough Lawrence does not appear to be too worried or shocked and studies the snake in awe. He appears to be in some sort of daze. One is given this impression because he does not appear to be shocked and the fact that it is so hot. As he walks down the steps he is able to capture the feel of the carob tree above him providing shade and a strange-scented smell. He does this by selecting a few key points about the tree. As he comes down the steps, he waits. There is emphasis on the word wait, using repetition. Lawrence is waiting for the snake to finish. He is acting towards the snake as if it were human, waiting his turn, which is the courteous thing to do. The snake then reaches down from the wall. Its movement is described as somewhat leisurely. The snake is an elegant creature in looks and in movement. And trailed his yellow-brown slackness soft-bellied down The overall impression of the snake is very relaxed and leisurely and is not the intimidating impression of snakes that we often associate with them. A similar technique is used in Snake as in Mountain Lion, that is the use of long sentences to reflect the length of the animal. The snake takes its time with all its actions as it is lazy like Lawrence on such a hot day. Softly drank through his straight gums, into his slack long body This reinforces the original impression of the snake. This is a characteristic common to both poems, repeating the same movements and view to reinforce them, ensuring that the reader sees it as Lawrence does. Then referring to the snake as someone, Lawrence is almost imagining the snake as human. He considers himself to be the second comer, waiting. The snake is aware of Lawrences presence but is not afraid. Instead, the snake gives Lawrence a vague acknowledgment by lifting its head and flickering its tongue in his general direction. Lawrence is not scared of the snake and compares it to that of drinking cattle. The snake is described in such a way that it appears to be one with the earth. Sicily is known for its volcano, Mount Etna, and the snake has many comparisons to it. The movement of the snake is slow and lazy, similar to that of flowing lava. The snake is described as earth-golden from the burning bowels of the earth. The sense of place is constantly reinforced by the need for water and the tremendous heat. It is then that Lawrence hears the voice of his education. There is a contrast between his attitude towards the snake and the voice of his education. His education is deceitful and self-righteous and pushes him on to kill the snake. All people would have the same approach towards snakes and Lawrence is not afraid to admit his true feelings. And voices in me said, If you were a man You would take a stick and break him now, and finish him off. Certain things are expected of him. He is confused over whether he should do the manly thing. It is now that his true feelings come out about the snake. But must I confess how I liked him, He likes the snake and feels as if it is a guest at his water-trough. He feels honoured that the snake would choose his water-trough. Once again the voice of his education steps in and he questio ns his feelings and motives. He is in awe of the snake but he wonders if this is merely because he is scared or humiliated that he feels so honoured. There is repetition of the questions, constantly asking himself why. He wonders whether he can trust the voices or not. Then he admits that he is truly afraid, and emphasises this by repeating it. He has a greater feeling of honour though that out-weighs the fear. He is honoured that a dignified creature has come out of its secretive home to drink from his trough. Lawrence examines the snake further using vivid description. The snake has a slow dignified movement as it lifts it head from the trough. It has drunk enough. It is an impressive creature with majestic qualities. Lawrence uses similes to make the true nature of the snake apparent. And looked around like a god. There is more concentration on the heat then there is the beauty of the snake. Lawrences statements seem somewhat over the top, and it makes one wonder whether this is due to the dream-like effect caused by the over-whelming heat or possibly due to the mystic hypnotic powers of the snake itself. This is the turning point of the poem. The snake retreats in its dignified manner, leisurely leaving the trough. Repetition is used throughout to emphasise the key words. The spell is broken and Lawrence changes his attitude towards the snake. As it puts its head back into the hole in the earth, Lawrence is horrified to see it leaving. The hole is portrayed as being dreadful. This is because he does not think this is where the snake belongs. There is an element of disappointment, but his emotions build and it turns into a personal matter, as if the snake is doing it deliberately to annoy him. He is overwhelmed by the heat and the experience, so turns back to the voices of his education and acts on them. I looked round, I put down my pitcher, I picked up a clumsy log And threw it at the water-trough with a clatter. He is unsure what to do, and wants to stop the snake, so acts on impulse and picks up the nearest thing to him. The log is described as clumsy to reflect the moment. The snake is now regarded as an enemy in the heat of the moment. As soon as the log has left his hands he regrets it. The snake convulsed back into its hole and lost the dignity that it had had before hand. The snakes poise has been spoilt. Staccato words and sentences are used to reflect the undignified action of the snake. Lawrence is then bewildered at what he has done and is in shock once again. He cannot believe how mean he has been. Referring to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner he compares the retreat of the snake to the albatross. He despises the forces that made him do it. He almost killed the snake for no reason and is left with his guilt. He thinks of the snake as a king who has been exiled to the underworld. He missed his opportunity with one of the lords. He wishes he could remove his extreme guilt from such a petty act. He realises how small-minded he has been. Both poems use very similar poetic techniques to convey Lawrences feelings. They also include similar themes kings of the animal world. It is clear that he feels that humans are inferior to such animals and regrets being part of such a destructive race. There is a strong sense of place in both poems, achieved by selective descriptive words that provide a vivid description. Repetition is used throughout both poems to emphasise the important words, as is alliteration. The poems both start with a dramatic incident, which is then followed later on in the poem by a change of direction. It is clear that there are many faults with human values and actions from the poems. The key difference between the poems is that Mountain Lion is about Lawrence mourning the death and loss of a magnificent creature, delving into the reality of what the world is like with the lion missing. Snake, on the other hand, is all about the guilt that Lawrence has to face, even though no animals died. Both show the same fault with our destructive human nature. Both poems are concerned with Lawrences experience of and reactions to specific animals in specific situations, utilising poetic techniques to convey to the reader his morals and feelings. When considering which poem is more effective, Mountain Lion has a much more hard-hitting story-line than Snake. There is dramatic emphasis on the death of the mountain lion to underline how precious it is, particularly when Lawrence compares its life to that of two million humans. It highlights Lawrences strong convictions and high regard for animal welfare and shows that he was ahead of his time in such thinking. Snake, on the other hand, is less compelling. It deals more with the guilt experienced after committing a petty act of cruelty, which in comparison is of far less significance. It is also difficult to determine the truth of what he says because the reader is constantly aware of the possible effects of the overwhelming heat, which may be inducing a dream-like state of mind. Mountain Lion also uses the poetic techniques discussed earlier more effectively. There is more opportunity to place emphasis because the situation is more dramatic. It also gives a more detailed description of the setting compared with Snake which relies on the reader to use his imagination in a more generally described hot climate. Thus, Mountain Lion is the more detailed and dramtatic of the two and has a more profound effect on the reader.

Doubt by John Patrick Shanley Essays - English-language Films, Doubt

Doubt by John Patrick Shanley Essays - English-language Films, Doubt Introduction Topic sentence: Doubt by John Patrick Shanley In the pursuit of wrongdoing, one steps away from God. Of course, theres a price. The quote means that in order to find someone guilty of sin, one might have to disobey God to get achieve that goal. Thesis: Body Paragraphs Sister Aloysius steps away from god in running her school and to attempt to confirm her suspicions about Father Flynn a.Gossips about Father Flynn with other nuns In the film, all the nuns are sitting at the table eating dinner. Sister Aloysius talks about to her suspicions of Father Flynn following his sermon to them. Symbolism: the nuns are eating simple meals and are quiet at the dinner table. b.Lies to father Flynn to try to get him to confess his sins. She didnt actually call his old school. This morning, before I spoke with Mrs. Muller, I took the precaution of calling the last parish to which you were assigned (53) c.Steals kids radio and uses it for her own pleasure Look at how tiny theyre making them now. I confiscated it from one of the students and now I cant stop using it. d.She admitted that she is taking a step away from God. In the pursuit of wrongdoing, one steps away from God. Of course theres a price (58) Sister James But its so unsettling to look at things and people with suspicion. It feels as if Im less close to God (20).

Article response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article response - Essay Example Taking more time will only result in further deterioration of the crisis since businesses are already showing unwillingness to invest due to the uncertainties (Smith, 2012). The move to start working towards a bank recapitalization might be a short-term solution for the moment but is definitely not a solution to these crises. Definitely, aspiration for political union might be a wrong move, which might be a source of future crisis. The introduction of continental concepts such as common currency seemed a good move, which is now at the verge of collapsing. Therefore, it would be wiser if the European Council looked for a better solution since the above moves might only complicate the issue further, considering that some European Union members do not agree of current pleas to bail out countries such as Spain from the debts they are facing. The move might buy some time for relative calm but might soon prove inadequate to suppress the crisis. Eventually, European financial markets might worsen resulting in worldwide depression. The crisis could be an indication that the reliability of European policy makers is increasingly becoming nonaggressive. There has been a lot insecurity since the European economic and debt calamity exploded three years back, but the current situation require urgent and ingenious measures if a long-term solution is to be established. However, there is need for establishment of a framework for an extra-unified European Union failure to which, the EU will collapse. At this stage, it is crucial that the European Union salvage the already collapsing European economies as they look for a long-term solution to the crisis, which might take some time. It sure is a time for European Union to make one more dynamic step, with a greater magnitude and decide on whether to resolve the current crisis united or to split up. Smith, P. (2012). EU Crisis: This Week Could Change the Global Economy. The Fiscal Times,

Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sexuality - Essay Example The lack of genital sensation through injury, for instance, or the fact that somebody does not engage in sexual intercourse or fantasy, does not preclude him or her from being sexual.†1 From this definition it can be seen that a person’s sexuality will largely depend on how he or she feels about his or her self and what are the life experiences that leads to such feelings. As an individual develops into an adult, several factors mould the person’s perceptions. Historical, cultural, social, economical and political backgrounds play a major role in determining the personality of an individual and all these aspects will reflect on the person’s attitude, including his or her approach to sexuality. The said factors may also influence the person’s sexual orientation. Thus, sexuality cannot be understood from a single point of view or perspective because human sexual behaviour is complex and has a wide range. Therefore, it has engaged the interest of philos ophers and psychologists right from the ancient times. The eastern cultures, especially the Indians, have explored the topic with an aesthetic approach. The book ‘Kamasutra’ written by a sage named Vatsyayana, is a classic example where â€Å"sexuality is acknowledged as a form of psychic energy which can legitimately find expression in a myriad ways, ranging from tender romantic love and conjugal concord to straightforward lust.†2 This theory focuses on the different ways of sexual expression, and it recognises both tender love and lust as reasonable sexual expressions. It also doesn’t believe that any such sexual expression should be considered as immodest.

Deviant and Criminal Behavior in the Workplace Dissertation

Deviant and Criminal Behavior in the Workplace - Dissertation Example It is important because effective teamwork helps the organization to meet its set objectives. Communication among employees needs to be effective for smooth coordination of activities in the workplace (Härtel, Zerbe & Ashkanasy, 2005). Effective communication in the workplace helps individuals become more productive. Individuals having their roles well defined characterize a well-organized institution. Organizational behavior studies how individuals behave in organized settings. A good management team needs to identify the roles of their employees in the workplace. It will enable them to monitor the behavior of their employees. The monitoring of employee behavior enables organizations to understand their functions easily (Elias, 2013). The behavior of most individual results from the culture of the organization. The culture an organization affects how the employees act in the workplace. Most corporations have their own unique culture that is different from other companies. It means that employees will act differently depending on the organization. Most experts argue that organizational behavior results from the structure of a company. The structure and culture of an organization are linked together to explain employee behavior. Structural formation of an organization involves the management of the corporation. Managers have the capability of controlling the behavior of their employ ees (Sims, 2002). For example, there are companies that have programs in their systems that help their employees solve their problems. A strategy improves the behavior of employees in an organization. The study of employee behavior involves scientific, human relations and contingency approach. Adoption of the contingency approach means that the company is recognizing that employee behavior is a complex issue. Managers have the responsibility of developing ideas that will enable the organization to achieve its target.  

Patricia Hill Collins Views On Feminism

Patricia Hill Collins Views On Feminism As a standpoint feminist, Patricia Hill Collins continuously argues that feminist studies should be practiced from the standpoint of women or particular groups of women who are not as egocentric to think they understand certain aspects of the world. Because of the differences that women have, many standpoint feminist now recognize this division of women and how it is impossible to claim one universal experience for women. Sexism occurs so miraculously that it is important to view it in relation to other systems of domination and analyze how it interacts with other classes in Collins matrix of domination. Collins does this through the thought of black feminist point of view. Collins is embedded in this idea that despite long standing claims by aristocrats; women, African Americans, Latinos, and other downgraded groups in America remain incapable of producing the type of analytical thought that is labeled as a feminist theory. People with powerful knowledge of resistance trampled former social structures of social and cultural inequality abandon this view. Members of these downgraded groups do in fact theorize and our critical social theory has been central to political empowerment and the search for justice. This led to Collins publishing Black Feminist Thought. Collins is above all concerned with the relationship among empowerment, knowledge, and self-definition with a primary focus on black women. It is the oppression with which she is most personally familiar. But Collins is also one of the few Standpoint and Social thinkers who are able to rise above their own experience. She challenges us with a significant view of oppression and other views that no t only has the possibility of changing the world but also of opening up the likelihood of continuous change. To her, for change to be continuous, it cant be exclusively focused on one social group. In other words, to be continuous, a social movement that is only concerned with racial inequality will end its influence once equality for that group is achieved. Collins gives us a way of transcending specific politics that is based upon Black Feminist Epistemology. Her intent is to place black womens experiences in the center of analysis without privileging those experiences. Basically we can learn from black womens knowledge. There are so many major trends that influence her to do so much of her work. She has sociological significance in a few different areas of which the content of her ideas has been influenced by on-going dialogue in many sociological societies. This has showed that in some way women are gaining more of a voice. For instance in her popular book From Black Power to Hip-Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism, this examines the debated spaces of racism, feminism, nationalism, and popular culture in an attempt to expand the struggle for a truly democratic society for the whole universe. She highlights specific themes to truly hint the struggle of place in society. The book is divided into 3 parts: Race, Family, and the US; Ethnicity, Culture, and Black Nationalist politics; and Feminism, Nationalism, and African American women. She is careful with words, she reclaims the term Black women for its globalizing potential to include more than America women of African descent. She redefines the g roup, she states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a unifying language that women of African descent and women who are rendered socially Black [in and outside the US] can use to describe their needs as racial and ethnic women (Collins 23). With this said early on in the book, one anticipates a broader view to reframe black feminist thought in the global eye. Not necessarily to analyze everything but to at least rethink the effects of transnational migration on urban environments in America. Collins highlights these shifts in black identity, in ways of how we discuss black experience, race relations, and how contemporary feminist redefine themselves as women of color. In spite of that, Collins sticks closely to the familiar ground of African American urban communities and their related feminist theories and practices. She is concerned with the development of contemporary black feminist thought into social movement and its expansion into multiracial collective identity politics. Hip Hop is the dominant cultural expression in many black womens lives, but it is just one part in the complex of her matrix of domination. Because of our influence of Hip-Hop and other trends of society she tries to influence us to put into practice the collective identity of politics. She tries to influence into creating a group base identity while avoiding group based essentialism. She wants us to detach ourselves from this intricate and worldwide place of domination without falling into more temptation. It doesnt seem like she has many forerunners that truly influence her to do all of what she has done. She is more influenced by herself. She gives her opinion of what she thinks females (mostly black females) need to achieve and prove, and how others should understand and learn. As mention before she operates on the Matrix of Domination. This is a sociological theory that explains issues of oppression that deal with race, gender, and class. Even though these issues are classified differently they all are connected in a way. Other forms such as age, sex, gender, and religion apply to this too. Collins introduces this in her book Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and Politics of Empowerment. Many feminist have contributed a great deal of research to help her in an advantage. Although, it seems Collins has had a little bit of help from Alice Walker and her view of black women and feminism, in which she changes to Womanism. Walkers construction of Womanism was an attempt to establish the true black woman in history and culture and to change the negative and inaccurate stereotypes that are given to black women. Walker lists the black woman as a thinking subject who is always seeking knowledge. She interrogates the epistemological exclusions she endures in intellectual life and general and feminist intelligence. Walker also highlights the black womans strength, capability, and independence. Opposed to feminism, Womanism presents an alternative for black women by framing their survival through men and women. In Black Feminist Thought, Collins states, Many black women view feminism as a movement that at best is exclusively for women, and, at worst, dedicated to attacking or eliminating menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Womanism seemingly supplies a way for black women to address gender-oppression without attacking black men (Collins 11). Collins seems agreeable in this case of Womanism and seems to be that Alice Walker is a versatile influence upon her. Collins goes into a lot of depth about Womanism in her book, a great impact on the Matrix of Domination. Patricia Hill Collins outlined America Black Feminism through the expression in music, fiction, poetry, and oral history. She continuously saw and pointed out three themes. The oppressions are interconnected greatly through the different points. Black women create alternative world views for self-definition and self determination. Black women also have often incorporated imposed and restraining definitions of who they are. They especially do this by revitalizing concepts of beauty, skin color, and physical body notions. Collins also points to areas that have been overlooked many times. Gender roles within family and work, politics, violence, and homophobia all need to be revitalized also. Collins draws on black womens experiences and voices to explain concepts that have been obscured institutionally and ideologically. Her interdisciplinary methodology engages an analytical approach to domination and subordination. She rejects defensive thought because either/or thinking categorizes people, things, and ideas in terms of their differences from each other. She stresses the both/and analysis because it could transform the way in which we think about the claims in knowledge. Her work has made Afro-centric and feminist thought more liable, broader in view, and more essential. She forces her readers to think differently and to reexamine the way in which truth and knowledge are thought to be, produced, and approved. This helps us to realize the importance of our gender society. This is some knowledge of why she seems to be an important figure in the evolution of gender studies. She gives her opinion with valuable information to back it up. Collins largely devotes a significant amount of work to present intellectual ideas mixed with everyday life ideas in an accessible way. This gives more of an encouragement for black females and other races to say what they feel, to give their opinion straightforward as can be. Her book Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment seems to be one of the most contributing books that she has published for the general public, but with a focus for black women. She reanalyzes race, gender, and class as an interlocking system of oppression. She talks about the lack of womens experiences as blood-mothers and other-mothers. The community reveals that there is a norm of a heterosexual, married couple, with a husband earning the money. This is far from being natural, universal, and preferred but instead is deeply embedded in specific race and class formations. Placing African American women in the center of analysis not only reveals much needed information ab out black womens experiences but also questions what perspective we give them. Black womens actions in group survival suggest a vision of community that stands in opposition to that extent in the dominant culture. This community is seen as arbitrary and fragile, structured accordingly by competition and domination. Afro-centric models of community stress connections, caring, and personal accountability. As cultural workers African American women have rejected the generalized ideology of domination in order to safeguard the conceptualizations of the community. According to Collins, black women have been unable to spend time theorizing about alternative conceptualizations of community. Instead, through daily actions black women have strongly created alternative communities that truly empower themselves. Experiences as mothers, other-mothers, educators, labor women, and community leaders seem to suggest that power as energy can be encouraged by resistance. In Fighting Words: Black Wome n and the Search for Justice, Collins states, The spheres of influence created and sustained by African American women are not mean to solely to provide a respite from oppressive situations or a retreat from their effects. Rather, these black female spheres of influence constitute potential sanctuaries where individual black women and men are nurtured in order to confront oppressive social institutions (Collins 56). Collins explores an astonishing range of ideas and images through history, sociology, and popular culture. Rather than debate the dominance of race versus sex in the history of social injustice to black women and other races; Collins offers a theory of Intersectionality, viewing race, gender, and sexuality together. She explores the social and personal implications of historical images and more current concerns about the influence of urban culture and how its glorified. Demonstrating how the politics of race has traditionally neglected concerns about gender and sexual orientation, Collins explores a range of issues, advocating certain aspects of cultural situations.

Cost of Capital for Marriott Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursewo

Cost of Capital for Marriott Mentioned Tables Not Included Objective: 1) Calculate the divisional and the company cost of capital and explain the calculation. 2) Evaluate Marriott's use of company cost-of-capital rate for the individual divisions. Cost of Capital for Lodging Division can be expressed as CC = We*Ce + Wd*Cd. For the weights of debt and equity (We and Wd), the 1988 target-schedule rates of debt-to-assets and debt-to-equity were used as the only measures available in the case. Cost of Equity (Ce) was calculated based on the CAPM formula. 30-year T-bond was used as a long-term risk-free security to get the risk-free rate, since Marriott used the cost of long-term debt for its lodging cost-of-capital calculations. The market premium 8.47 was the arithmetic-average spread between the S&P 500 returns and the short-term US T-bills between 1926-1987. This market premium is consistent with the current academic suggestions and it was used in all calculations of this exercise. The leveraged Beta (Bl) of the lodging division, needed for CAPM, was derived from the following equation: Bl=Bu(1+D/E), where Bu is the unleveraged Beta. Bu was in turn derived from the weighted-average of the Bu's of the lodging businesses given in the case. The weighted-average method rather than a simple arithmetic-average method was used to allow a more accurate Bu of the overall industry. Cost of Debt (Cd) is defined as (risk-free rate)+the premium (Tab...

Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive

AbstractionFiscal Inclusion for inclusive growing is a subject of modern-day significance and relevancy. This survey besides set uping the growing heightening function of bank-based fiscal intermediation through empirical grounds has besides found that entree to finance by the hapless is a requirement for poorness decrease in order to accomplish inclusive growing and sustainable economic development. The survey has evaluated utilizing appropriate statistical techniques the impact of fiscal inclusion attempts on the inclusive growing in the instance of a developing economic system like India by sing the most dependable informations for the period from 1975 to 2007. The theoretical and empirical analysis leads us to reason that bank led fiscal inclusion has unequivocal advantages for inclusive growing in developing economic systems. Keywords: Government Policy and Regulation, Economic Development and Fiscal Markets ; Financial Inclusion ; Institutions and Growth JEL Classification: G20 ; G21 ; G28 ; O16 ; O43 ; O53 Research Article: dated 22nd September 2010. *Dr. Vighneswara Swamy, Faculty Member, IBS-Hyderabad, INDIA, www.ibshyderabad.org Electronic mail: vighneswar @ ibsindia.org, Telephone: +91-09705096919Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive GrowthI. IntroductionAmartya Sen ( 2000 ) argued convincingly that poorness is non simply deficient income, instead the absence of wide-ranging capablenesss, including security and ability to lend in economic and political systems. Franklin Roosevelt, the popular president of United States of America in 1932, mentioned the American hapless as the disregarded adult male at the underside of the economic pyramid. The term `bottom of the pyramid ‘ today is referred to the planetary hapless most of whom survive in the development states. These big Numberss of hapless are required to be provided with much needed fiscal aid in order to sail them out of their conditions of poorness. Joseph.E.Stilglitz opines that, if economic growing is non shared throughout society so development has failed. Consequently, there is felt a demand for policy supp ort in imparting the fiscal resources towards the economic upliftment of resource hapless in any developing economic system. This survey is an effort to grok and separate the significance of Financial Inclusion in the context of a underdeveloped state like India wherein a big population is deprived of the fiscal services which are really much necessity for overall economic growing of a state. Our apprehensions and analysis on the subject are presented here below in the undermentioned subdivisions. In Section-II, the importance of `finance ‘ for economic growing has been established with equal literature reappraisal. In subdivision III, inclusive growing and its significance for accomplishing sustainable growing is discussed. Section-IV brings to fore the fiscal inclusion and its dimensions in item. In Section-V, the importance of fiscal inclusion for accomplishing inclusive growing in India is detailed with a statistical analysis. Last, findings and decision is presented in Se ction-VI.II. FINANCE AND GROWTHThe earlier theories of development concentrated on labor, capital, establishments etc. as the factors for growing and development. The taking plants barely included finance as a factor for growing. Since so there has been ample research analysing how fiscal systems aid in developing the economic systems. A wide understanding exists among economic experts that fiscal development prompts economic growing. Financial system development so has a say to economic growing ( Rajan and Zingales ( 2003 ) . Time and once more empirical grounds has emphasized the relationship between finance and growing. Harmonizing to the plants of King and Levine ( 1993a ) and Levine and Zervos ( 1998 ) , at the cross-country degree, grounds suggests that steps of fiscal development are smartly and confidently related to economic growing. Other surveies besides set up affirmatory association between fiscal development and growing. It is so incontrovertible that considerable portion of the differences in long run economic growing across states can be elucidated by disparity in their fiscal development ( Rajan and Zingales, 1998 ) . Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2006 ) usage Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) attack, which provides auxiliary grounds that fiscal development progressively props up the growing of smaller houses which constitute mostly the precedence sector loaning in the instance of Indian Financial sector. Recent study grounds suggests that entree to finance has a direct link with that of invention. Cross-country findings grounds that finance promotes growing through addition in productiveness ( Ayyagari, M. , Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007 ) . Further, it has besides been revealed that fiscal development plays a important function in chairing the impact of external dazes on the domestic economic s ystem ( Beck, T. , Lundberg, M. and Majnoni, G, 2006 ) . Besides argument refering the function of finance in economic development, economic experts have besides debated the comparative importance of bank-based and market-based fiscal systems for a long clip ( Demirguc-Kunt and Levine, 2001 ) . Joseph Schumpeter argued that Bankss assume a important function in economic development. Harmonizing to this position, the banking sector causes transmutation in the way of economic advancement by comforting the allotment of nest eggs and of class non needfully by changing the salvaging rate. Largely, the Schumpeterian position of finance and development high spots the impact of Bankss on productiveness growing ( Schumpeter, Joseph A, 1934 ) . Banking sector can exert a positive influence on the overall economic system, and hence is of wide macroeconomic importance ( Jaffe and Levonian, 2001, Rajan and Zingales, 1998 ) . It is established that better developed Bankss and markets are closely associated with faster growing ( Christopoulos and Tsionas , 2004 ) . Improved operation of Bankss can be able to hike resource allotment and rush growing ( Levine, R. and S. Zervous 1998 ) . Correspondingly, by helping hazard direction, bettering the liquidness of assets available to rescuers, and by take downing trading costs ; Bankss can inspire investing in possible economic activities ( Greenwood and Smith 1997 ) . Banks do exert important and causal impact on productiveness and growing, which contributes to overall GDP growing. It is besides ascertained by some research workers that the size of the banking sector can be safely considered a good forecaster for future growing, particularly when concentrating on long term undertakings ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . The research so far has non merely looked at how finance facilitates economic activity but besides societal facets like poorness, hunger etc. The consensus is that finance promotes economic growing but the magnitude of impact differs.III. INCLUSIVE GROWTHDevelopment economic experts and provinces have frequently been for a long clip interested in the relationship between fiscal development and economic growing particularly in the period which is known as the epoch of the Washington Consensus. A turning GDP is an grounds of a society acquiring its corporate act together for advancement. As its economic system grows, a society becomes more strongly organised, more compactly interwoven. Growth is good, Sustained high growing is better and Sustained high growing with inclusiveness is best of all. Inclusive growing in the economic system can merely be achieved when all the weaker subdivisions of the society including agribusiness and little graduated table industries are nurtured and brought on par with other subdivisions of the society in footings of economic development. The major development challenge is to do the growing inclusive. Policies for inclusive growing are critical constituents of bulk of authorities schemes for sustainable growing. Inclusiveness is an indispensable ingredient of any successful growing scheme ( Commission on Growth and Development, 2008 ) . Three pillars of inclusive growing are ; ( I ) Maximise economic chances ( two ) Ensure economic wellbeing and ( three ) Ensure equal chances to economic chances ( Ifzal Ali, 2007 ) . An inclusive growing scheme encompasses the cardinal elements of an effectual poorness decrease scheme and, more significantly, expands the development docket. Developing inclusive fiscal systems which are financially and socially sustainable, as a poorness decrease scheme, should be given precedence ( Amit K Bhandari, 2009 ) . Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2007 ) have noticed a positive consequence of finance on poorness decrease. Economies with higher degrees of fiscal development experience faster d ecrease of poorness. This has been explained by an extended organic structure of literature including White and Anderson ( 2001 ) and Bourguignon ( 2003 ) . In an frequently cited cross-country survey, Kraay ( 2004 ) proves that growing in mean incomes explains 70 per centum of the fluctuation in poorness decrease ( as measured by the head count ratio ) in the short tally, and every bit much as 97 per centum in the long tally. Lopez and Serven ( 2004 ) suggest that for a given inequality strength, the poorer the state is, the more critical is the growing constituent in explicating poorness decrease. Therefore, just growing is so an jussive mood for inclusive growing.IV. FINANCIAL INCLUSIONImportance of fiscal inclusion arises from the job of fiscal exclusion of about 3 billion people from the formal fiscal services across the universe. The reappraisal of literature apprises that the most functional definitions are context-specific and originate from country-specific jobs of fiscal e xclusion and related socio-economic conditions. Therefore, over a period, assorted definitions of fiscal inclusion/exclusion have developed. However, there is no universally accepted definition on fiscal inclusion. Financial inclusion has normally been chiseled in footings of fiscal exclusion as mensurating it is perceived to be hard. Fiscal exclusion is a complex construct and the issues needed to be pondered include ; differentiation between and entree and use, grade of exclusion and whether single or household that is excluded is. Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2005 ) fiscal exclusion includes four key countries ; Transaction banking, Savings, Credit and Insurance. Broadly, fiscal exclusion can be loosely defined as the inability to entree basic fiscal services owing to complications attach toing with entree, conditions, monetary values, selling or self-exclusion in response to unfavorable experiences or perceptual experiences of persons / entities. The subdivisions that are by and large excluded are ; fringy husbandmans, landless laborers, Unorganized sector, urban slum inhabitants, migrators, cultural minorities, adult females, eastern & A ; cardinal parts of India largely. Some of the grounds for exclusion are: Lack of consciousness, low income, societal exclusion, illiteracy. Sparse population in distant & A ; hilly countries with hapless substructure & A ; deficiency of physical entree. Easy handiness of informal recognition. Documenting processs necessitating cogent evidence of individuality and reference, high charges and punishments, generic merchandises that are presently in the market do non fulfill the demands of the subdivisions that are excluded financially. There is no individual over-riding factor that could explicate fiscal exclusion. It includes a assortment of factors stated above and likely many more. Supply side barriers pose bigger hindrances in the procedure of fiscal inclusion. Some of the important causes of relatively low enlargement of institutional recognition in the rural countries can be risk perceptual experience, high dealing costs, deficiency of substructure, and hard terrains and low denseness of population. Another noticeable factor being the perceptual experience among bankers that big figure of rural population is un-bankable as their capacity to salvage is limited, little loan demands, miniscule border in managing little minutess. Besides, non-availability of Know Your Customer ( KYC ) demands ( documental cogent evidence of individuality and reference ) can be one amongst the barriers in holding a bank history peculiarly for migrators and slum inhabitants ) . Further, unsuitableness of merchandises and services that are offered to the rural people are non tailor- made. For illustration, most of their recognition demands are in signifier of little ball amounts and Bankss are loath to give little sums of loan at frequent intervals. Consequently, they resort to borrowing money from usurers at extortionate rates. Poor market linkage or state incursion of service suppliers besides constitutes the major factors of fiscal exclusion. And besides one more unreasoned perceptual experience amo ng the bankers is that the rural countries have hapless refund record. Global literature explains fiscal exclusion besides in the context of a larger issue of societal exclusion of weaker subdivisions of the society. While Leyshon and Thrift ( 1995 ) explain fiscal exclusion as such procedures those assistance to forestall some societal groups and persons from acquiring entree to the formal fiscal system, Carbo et Al. ( 2005 ) and Conroy ( 2005 ) opine that it is a province of inability of some hapless and deprived societal groups to entree the fiscal system. Mohan ( 2006 ) grounds that fiscal exclusion implies the deficiency of entree by some sections of the society to suitable, low-cost, just and unafraid fiscal merchandises and services from mainstream suppliers. Resulting the logical thinking made above, it can be an indicant that fiscal exclusion occurs largely to people who are the deprived subdivisions of the society. On the demand side, individuals are dissuaded from accessing and utilising dealing banking services for a scope of psychological and cultural grounds. Aged people in rural countries who are portion of a ‘cash merely ‘ coevals, migrators and low income people perceive banking as merely being appropriate for people who are better off than they are and fear losing control of their money if they cease to cover merely in hard currency. One more issue of involvement is whether low degree of fiscal inclusion is associated with high income inequality ( Kempson et al. , 2004 ) . Beck et Al. ( 2007 ) have examined fiscal sector outreach and its factors by using transverse state informations. Even, in the developed economic systems excessively, surveies have revealed that the exclusion from the fiscal system occurs to low-income groups, the cultural minorities, immigrants and others ( Barr, 2004 ; Kempson and Whyley, 1998 ; Connoly and Hajaj, 2001 ) . Surveies by Leyshon and Thrift, ( 1995 ) and Kempson and Whyley ( 2001 ) highlight that the geographical factor that people populating in rural countries and in locations that are distant from fiscal Centres are more likely to be financially excluded. As such, states with low degrees of income inequality tend to hold comparatively high degree of fiscal inclusion ( Buckland et al, 2005 ; Kempson and Whyley, 1998 ) . In other words, the degrees of fiscal inclusion necessarily lift in response to both prosperity and worsening inequalities. Another factor that can be related with fiscal exclusion is employment ( Goodwin et al. , 2000 ) . Recent grounds besides suggests that the continued payment of societal security benefits and the State pension in hard currency is significantly related to fiscal exclusion ( Kempson and Whyley, 1999 ) . Informal sector histories for a significant portion of employment in several less developed states ( ILO, 2002 ) which does non ease the procedure of fiscal inclusion. Formal employment besides entails inclusion and therefore the proportion of formal sector employment would be an critical index of the grade of fiscal inclusion. In the Indian context, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India ( Rangarajan Committee, 2008 ) defines it as the procedure of guaranting entree to fiscal services and timely and equal recognition where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker subdivisions and low income groups at an low-cost cost. † The fiscal services include the full gamut – nest eggs, loans, insurance, recognition, payments etc. The fiscal system has to supply its map of reassigning resources from excess to shortage units but both shortage and excess units are those with low incomes, hapless background etc. By supplying these services, the purpose is to assist them come out of poorness. Measurement of Financial Inclusion is non universally the same. Different states adopt different indexs to mensurate fiscal inclusion. Definitional facets of fiscal inclusion / exclusion and their indexs as recommended by United Nations, World Bank, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India ( Chairman: C. Rangarajan ) , Asian Development Bank [ ADB ] and Treasury Committee, House of Commons, UK are presented in Table-1. In the developed states, the formal fiscal sector serves most of the population, whereas a big section of the society, in developing states, chiefly the low-income group, has modest entree to fiscal services, either officially or informally. Harmonizing to Peachy and Roe ( 2004 ) developed states have experienced good degrees of inclusion. However, it is reported that ( ADB, 2007 ) , in the development states, formal fiscal sectors serve comparatively a little section, frequently non over 20-30 per cent of the population. Recent information ( Table-2 ) illustrate that states with big proportion of fiscal exclusion besides show higher poorness ratios and higher degrees of inequality. Table-3 nowadayss the fiscal inclusion enterprises in different states. Further, the extent of fiscal inclusion in some choice states is illustrated in Table-4.V. FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN INDIAThe importance of this survey lies in the fact that India being a socialist, democratic democr acy, it is imperative on the policies of the authorities to guarantee just growing of all subdivisions of the economic system. With merely 34 % of population engaged in formal banking, India has, 135 million financially excluded families, the 2nd highest figure after China. Further, the existent rate of fiscal inclusion in India is besides really low and about 40 % of the bank history holders use their histories non even one time a month. It is universally opined that the resource hapless need fiscal aid at sensible costs and that excessively with uninterrupted gait. However, the economic liberalisation policies have tempted the fiscal establishments to look for more and more greener grazing lands of concern disregarding the weaker subdivisions of the society. It is indispensable for any economic system to take at inclusive growing affecting each and every citizen in the economic development patterned advance. It is in this context that a survey has to be made to understand the impo rtance of precedence sector loaning in guaranting the inclusive growing in the Indian context. Choice macro-economic and fiscal indexs of Indian economic system are presented here below in Table-5. Based on the well accepted attacks for rating of the coverage of fiscal inclusion and to measure its impact on inclusive growing the survey enterprises to analyze the followers: Spatial Distribution of Banking Services Regional Distribution of Banking Services Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth1. Spatial Distribution of banking ServicessIn order to analyze the spacial distribution of banking services in the state, the available informations for the periods 1991 and 2005 has been verified. Further, bank offices in the state have been classified into Rural and Urban countries. This has been considered in order to acquire a clear apprehension about how the spread of formal banking services has been affected in different parts of the state. In the instance of recognition histories, the status has deteriorated for rural families while showing considerable betterment in the urban countries ( Table-6 ) , confirming the really significant addition in retail recognition.2. Regional Distribution of Banking ServicesAn attempt has been made to analyze the extent of fiscal inclusion in different parts of the state such as Northern, North-Eastern, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern parts apart from All India degree. A purposeful analy sis is made by comparing the information for the period from 1991 to 2005. Further, this information has been farther split into rural and urban countries in the state in order to acquire an exact position about the distribution services in these countries. Further, the analysis is made in footings of population coverage per bank office, Number of Savings histories per population of one hundred and Number of Credit ( loan ) accounts per population of one 100. In footings of fiscal widening, the range for betterment remains. Table-7 illustrates the degree of fiscal inclusion in India with part wise statistics. It is discernable that Southern and Northern parts have population coverage below the national norms. All the other parts in the state have coverage good above the national norm naming for pressing betterment in the population coverage of the population. Again in footings of rural and urban countries at that place has been a distinguishable advancement in the coverage of the po pulation by the bank subdivision offices. Table-7 provides farther lucidity by supplying a break-up of the sedimentation histories. Both the sedimentation and recognition histories are lower in rural families than urban families. Hence despite the rural-push, the rural population has non come frontward and avail even basic banking services3. Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth – An Empirical AnalysisIn order to affect a comprehensive step of fiscal inclusion in the Indian context, we consider Priority Sector Lending as a important step of fiscal inclusion and its deepening. We are of the sentiment that, mere gap of bank history would non be a true index of fiscal inclusion, but availment of fiscal services, more significantly ; the much needed recognition for the excluded subdivisions of the society would decidedly picture the step of fiscal inclusion. Further, this step would run into the demands of the definition for measuring of Financial Inclusion provided b y United Nations, wherein it is said that the index should mensurate the â€Å" Access to recognition, insurance, nest eggs and payment services † . Priority Sector Lending as an index in our survey addresses all the above facets. In position of this an effort has been made to set up the relationship of precedence sector loaning ( as a step of fiscal inclusion ) with the indexs of inclusive growing such as rural poorness. Rural poorness is considered to portray inclusive growing as more than 70 per centum of India lives in rural countries. The needed informations for the analysis is obtained mostly from the most dependable and official beginnings such as Reserve Bank of India web site, NABARD web site, India Development Report 2008 and other related beginnings. Economic reforms in Indian economic system were initiated in the twelvemonth 1991-92. As such, to cover equal figure of old ages of precedence sector loaning and inclusive growing during pre and post-Liberalisation period, informations for the period from 1974-75 to 2007-08 has been analysed for understanding the tendencies. For the intent of analysis the most popular statistical step Multiple Regression ( OLS ) Analysis is used ( Andrea Vaona, 2005, Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 have besides used the same sort of analysis for similar surveies ) . The aim of this subdivision of the paper is to place the determiners of Inclusive Growth which can be captured in Rural Poverty ( RU_POV ) ( measured in per centum against that of the entire population in rural countries and these figures are provided by the Census of India informations ) in India and determine the impact of Priority Sector Lending ( PSL ) on rural poorness in India. Priority Sector Lending in the Indian context refers to the bank recognition under the directed loaning towards the private houses and persons which is an of import parametric quantity that determines the step of development that can significantly lend to inclusive growing ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . Domestic Savings ( SAV ) ( measured in Rupees in Crores ) is included as a determiner in order to account for the statement that savings propels economic activity in the system at big and helps in inclusive growing procedure ( Beck, Levine and Loayza 2000 ) . Rural Employment is one of the important steps of ec onomic development and accordingly of inclusive growing. A greater degree of rural employment can be taken as grounds of greater economic development ( Cole Shawn, 2007 ) . In acknowledgment of this statement, Employment in Rural Primary sector ( EMP_RP ) ( expressed in million Numberss ) is included as one of determiners to analyze their impact on inclusive growing. Agricultural Production is another of import determiner that affects the inclusive growing procedure in rural India. As a big population of weaker subdivisions of the society still depends to a big extent on agribusiness, Agricultural Production ( AGRI_PRO ) ( expressed in Kilograms/hectare ) determines their upward motion in the income ladder ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 besides considered production as an of import variable in a similar survey ) . Consequently, agricultural production is besides considered as a determiner in the analysis. There is besides an incontestable statement that overall recognition has profound impact on inclusive growing procedure ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . In position of this, Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( CRED_GDP ) ( measured as a ratio in per centum to GDP ) is included as a determiner. If there is an addition in Per Capita Income ( PCI ) ( measured as per capita NNP at factor cost expressed in Crores in Rupees ) there surely will be an addition in inclusive growing procedure. As such, Per Capita Income ( every bit used as a determiner in a similar analysis by Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 ) is normally recognized step of criterion of life of people and accordingly is a major factor that enhances inclusive growing and hence it is included in the analysis. 1The arrested development theoretical account can be ;Y = I ± + I?1X1 + aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ + I?nXn + A µ — — — – & gt ;2Accordingly, Rural Poverty can be better explained and estimated with the undermentioned version of equation ; RU_POV = ?’ ( PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI ) + A µ — — — & gt ; In order to command for other factors associated with economic growing non linked to fiscal development, the arrested development consequences are presented by utilizing a simple conditioning information set, including the invariable, the logarithm of all explanatory variables. Due to possible nonlinearities, the natural logarithms of the regressors are considered ( Levine, Loazya and Beck, 2000 ) . Consequently, when we log-transform this theoretical account we obtain:3Log ( RU_POV ) = I ± + log ( PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI ) + A µÃ¢â‚¬â€ — – & gt ;‘I ± ‘ represents the ‘Y intercept ‘ , I?1, aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦I’n represent the several arrested development coefficients for explanatory variables X1 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Xn and ‘A µ ‘ represents the error term. Where, ‘Y ‘ represents the ‘RU_POV ‘ , i.e, Rural Poverty and ‘X1 ‘ , ‘X2 ‘ , aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. , ‘X14 ‘ represent the forecaster variables and ‘I?1 ‘ , ‘I?2 ‘ , aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ , ‘I?n ‘ represent the partial arrested development coefficients of ‘PSL ‘ i.e, ‘Priority Sector Lending ‘ , ‘SAV'-Savings, ‘EMP_RP'-Employment in Rural Primary sector, ‘AGRI_PRO'-Agr icultural production, ‘CRED_GDP'-Credit to Gross Domestic Product and ‘PCI'-Per Capita Income severally. ‘A µ ‘ represents the ‘error term ‘ . The consequences of analysis are presented in Table-8 for the period from the twelvemonth 1977 to 2007. Deducing from the consequences of this analysis, it can be concluded that Priority sector loaning has important impact on rural poorness. Graphic presentation of the tendency of precedence sector loaning in the pre liberalization period from 1974-75 to 1990-91 and post liberalization period from 1991-92 to 2006-07 is illustrated in Figure-1. It is clearly apparent from the figure that precedence sector loaning has taken a bit by bit upward traveling curve bespeaking a steady rise in the station liberalization epoch. Further, the Nature and strength of the impact of the assorted determiners on Inclusive growing are captured in Table-9. A graphical presentation of the tendency of the inclusive growing in India is presented in Figure-2. It is orchestrated by the rhythmic forward motion tendencies of the above discussed determiners during the survey period. Rural Poverty is on a worsening tendency more pronouncedly during the station liberalization period.VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONThe survey has found that Priority Sector Lending has a really high important impact on inclusive growing, which is in line with the findings of Kraay ( 2004 ) and Beck, et all ( 2007 ) . Domestic Savings ( in line with the decisions of Levine, Ross ; Loayza, Norman ; and Beck, Thorsten, 1999 ) , Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( as established by Ayyagari, M. , Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007, Greenwood and Smith 1997 ) and Per Capita Income ( as stated by Levine, 1998, 1999 ) are found to hold important impact on cut downing rural poorness in India. The theoretical account developed in the survey explains the tendency of rural poorness ( Lopez and Serven, 2004 ) to the extent of 93.5 per centum affecting the of import determiners such as Priority Sector Lending ( Rajan and Zingales 1998 ) , Savings, Employment in Rural Primary sector, Agricultural Production ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) , Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) and Per Capita Income ( Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008, Srinivasan 1994, Streeten 1994 and Sugden 1993 ) . Further, it is besides demonstrated ( Figure-1 ) that fiscal sector reforms have so had a positive impact on decrease of rural poorness and hence in accomplishing inclusive growing. Fiscal Inclusion has far making effects, which can assist many people come out of low poorness conditions. Fiscal inclusion provides formal individuality, entree to payments system & A ; sedimentation insurance. There is a demand for coordinated action between the Bankss, the authorities and others to ease entree to bank histories amongst the financially excluded.

The eNotes Blog Two Tales of CampusFails

Two Tales of CampusFails Ahh idyllic picture of college life, mais non? Well, recently on American campuses, two not-so-wonderful events transpired. Fail Numero Uno: Lets begin with that bastion of   the Ivy League, Cornell University. It seems that the schools stalwart repositories of knowledge, its libraries, have been used for some non-academic purposes, namely the filming of pornographic videos. Perhaps the videos were an ironic take on the cinematic genre, perhaps, an  homage  if you will, to youth and freedom and self-expression. Perhaps it was just your standard porn featuring a young lady engaged in some solo activity and co-starring Carpenter Hall, the  Engineering Schools library. One student, who (in the pursuit of education, I am sure) watched the video before the (I assume frantic) campus administrators removed the link, offers this analysis:   Shes facing a window (the one by the bike racks) and its broad daylight. And at one point you can see people behind her studying. Fail Numero Dos:   Ever accidentally hit reply all on an email and immediately realize youve spammed dozens of people? Well, imagine that to the tune of  forty thousand  people. Thats just what happened to NYU student  Max Wiseltier, who innocently was trying to simply reply to the bursars office. He realized his error almost instantly and tried to do the right thing by apologizing to those who received the email meant only for the bursar. It should have ended there. But, as the campus newspaper reported, Maxs email  triggered a rare, University-wide revelation. That revelation?  We simultaneously realized that any message, complaint, whim, link, video, or GIF could be sent to nearly 40,000 people in an instant. It didnt take long for thousands of students to act on this delightful way to terrorize their campus. The system, unsurprisingly, soon crashed. Not long after, it was discovered that incorrect listserv software was attached to the original message, sparking what is now going down in campus legend as the Reply-apocalypse. Whoops.

Practice Identifying Subject and Object Complements

Practice Identifying Subject and Object Complements In our article on complements, we discussed subject complements, which follow a linking verb and provide additional information about the subject of the sentence. The subject complement is normally a noun or an adjective that defines or renames the subject in some way. We also learned about object complements, which follow and modify a direct object and provide additional information about it. An object complement can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective. To easily understand it, think of it this way: Subject complements and object complements fill out and complete our sentences. Object complements provide more detail about the object of a sentence, while subject complements provide information about the subject to a sentence. In this exercise, you will learn to identify subject complements and object complements in sentences. Instructions for Practice Exercise Identify the complement in each of the following sentences, and note whether it is a subject complement or an object complement. When you are done, compare your answers, which appear below the test. Pablo is extremely intelligent.I find him intelligent.Shyla eventually became my best friend.Our neighbors dogs are very dangerous.Gingers hair dye turned the water pink.After our disagreement on the first day of school, Jenny became my friend for life.We painted the ceiling blue.You are making me sad.Paula is a good dancer.Dorothy named her parakeet Onan.Known as the father of the Texas blues, Blind Lemon Jefferson was a popular entertainer in the 1920s.The gift Karen gave her brother was a hamster.Buck grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert horse rider before reaching his 18th birthday.  I once considered Nancy my fiercest enemy.After reviewing the details  of the case, the  court pronounced the boy not guilty.By the second month of the drought, the river had run dry. Answers Pablo is extremely  intelligent. (subject complement)I find him  intelligent. (object complement)Shyla eventually became my best  friend.  (subject complement)Our neighbors dogs are very dangerous. (subject complement)Gingers hair dye turned the water  pink. (object complement)After our disagreement on the first day of school, Jenny became my  friend  for life. (subject complement)We painted the ceiling  blue. (object complement)You are making me  sad. (object complement)Paula is a good  dancer. (subject complement)Dorothy named her parakeet  Onan. (object complement)Known as the father of the Texas blues, Blind Lemon Jefferson was a popular  entertainer  in the 1920s. (subject complement)The gift Karen gave her brother was a  hamster. (subject complement)Buck grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert  horse rider  before reaching his 18th birthday.  (subject complement)I once considered Nancy my fiercest  enemy.  (object complement)After reviewin g the details of the case, the  court pronounced the boy  not guilty.  (object complement) By the second month of the drought, the river had run  dry. (subject complement)​

Declination of Sufism among Muslims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Declination of Sufism among Muslims - Essay Example These powers are attributed to them under the guidelines of Quran and Sunnah. The most important aspect is that the disciples of Sufis take up the path of peace or even armed jehad for Shariatisation of the whole world as their mission. "Seekers of Tawhid should strive to dedicate themselves to the Prophet Mohammad, so much so that their entire selves, including their hearts and their spirits, were free of thoughts other than of God" (Saiyied Athar Abbas Rizvi 178). Even though Sufism is popular, history bears witness that several attempts have been made to suppress Sufism. There have been attempts to use even physical force and violence to suppress Sufism. This paper discusses some of the reasons for declination of Sufism among Muslims. The concept of Sufism was mainly intended to focus the mystic power on the spiritual dimension of Islam with the purpose to shield the believers from the superficial and unrealistic dogma of the faith. In other words it can be said that mysticism is a realistic spiritual discipline particularly based on the insight of illuminated seekers of reality or truth. Besides, it can be said that it is a mission of higher religious order of any faith, which disdains conflict and violence in any form. The ultimate goal is joy of self-realization which is generally experienced after a long spiritual practice (Upadhyay n. pag). Ev Even after the popularity of Sufism, there are several instances where the Sufi practices are suppressed using violence. There are several reasons for this and in spite of varied debates and modernist and reformist attempts to separate or dissociate Sufism from Islam. Take for example in orthodox Islam, according to Najaf, the object of creation is the worship of God," This is an association of subordination or in other words - a one-way association in which God is the master and the devotee is the slave. On the other hand Sufis argue opposing the view of orthodox Islam that God should be worshipped not because of the fear that you will be punished if you did not worship, rather God should be worshiped because of the love that an individual feels for God. The main ideology of Sufi is love. As a result, Sufis believe that there exists equality among all people and everyone irrespective of gender or place in the social order is capable of expressing his or her love for God, and that su rpasses religious associations (Dalrymple n. pag). One of the main theme in the ideology and activities of contemporary Sunni Islamist movements is a deep-rooted opposition to Sufism. The reason for suppression of Sufism is the modernist approach to knowledge or disdain of what cannot be scientifically explained led to the dismissal Sufism too. The mutual rivalry between these groups has become prominent in the modern setting of heightened political Islamism. The doctrinal roots of opposition to Sufism are found in the important writings of the 13th-century Hanbali 'alim Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (Majmu'a Fatawa Shaykh al-IsIam Ahmad ibn Taymiyya). Besides, Ibn Taymiyya in his quest to purify the Muslim faith strongly opposed Sufi pantheism and such practices as the worship of saints and pilgrimages to their shrines (Makdisi 247-251). In the hands of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn Taymiyya's restrictions on Sufism was transformed into a popular disapproval and prohibition of the Sufi orders (Shaykh Muhammad Ibn 'Abd

Book review, Movie Made America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review, Movie Made America - Essay Example A number of movie producers and directors moved to Hollywood to ensure the industry stays put. The golden age began with an end to the silent era. Diverse genres emerged that involved â€Å"western, slapstick comedy, film noir, musical, animated cartoon, biopic and newsreels†. Motion pictures flourished and the movie industry became a good business to venture. A number of marvelous cinema works emerged, because movie producers and directors developed too many movies with expectations of getting the best amongst the many. The merger between ideology and technology classified the new Hollywood that was accountable for the 1980s approach of synergy as cable companies flourished and the use of video emerged (Sklar 115). In terms of financing early filmmakers faced difficult times in ensuring film, production was of good quality and presentable. Filmmakers ended producing many movies so that they could benefit from the few that succeeded. Additionally, theatres showed movies at che aper prices so that filmmakers could get something from their work. Actors were not paid much because the industry was not doing well financially. Financial problems were also induced by the presence of censorship from the government. Censorship was established to ensure public apprehension about the quality; propriety, decency and taste of films produced were of the required standards. Religious groups and other powerful authorities also requested for censorship in motion pictures to ensure morals of the society were respected and adhered. Therefore, filmmakers were forced to ensure their film work passed through censorship so that they could get authority to sale and distribute their work (Sklar 116). Politics engulfed the film industry in 1947, citing that filmmakers were using propaganda in their films. Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan were among the first Hollywood professionals with court cases. A committee was thus established to disapprove the government interference in the ind ustry. Communism was the main subject of the court hearings and filmmakers tried to defend themselves in all manners possible. Additionally, the developed committee assisted in ensuring government interference in the film industry was limited for future purposes (Sklar 117). Changes in the movie industry in America can be tracked by checking the quality and the content contained in the early movies to date. For instance, after the Word war two filmmakers concentrated more in providing content related to war experiences and hardships. Most of the actors were involved in the war therefore; they came with new experiences and emotions after the war. Additionally, technological development can be seen through movies, from silent movies, to motion pictures to cartoons and animations to 3D pictures. Moreover, the quality of the pictures taken has changed overtime. Therefore, by only focusing on the movies from yester years one can see the history and culture of Americans clearly (Sklar 118 ). Through the movie industry, we learn that America is a versatile nation accommodating everyone through the movie industry. In addition, America as a nation likes changes, thus through the movies we can see the many changes that have taken place in people’s lives. At the beginning, pinhole cameras were used to project moving images on a screen. At the time, recording of images for later viewing was impossible. In 1830s, moving